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| | What group equipment does PCSAR have for cold-weather injuries? | | What group equipment does PCSAR have for cold-weather injuries? |
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| - | * 2 hypothermia kits (1 in firehall cabinet, 1 in the pack stretcher in the equipment trailer) | + | * 2 hypothermia kits (in firehall cabinet) |
| | * stretcher and packaging for snowmobile sleigh (mounted in ATV trailer) | | * stretcher and packaging for snowmobile sleigh (mounted in ATV trailer) |
| | * briefing trailer | | * briefing trailer |
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| | ** 3 layers: wicking, thermal, wind-protection | | ** 3 layers: wicking, thermal, wind-protection |
| | ** ability to adjust, remove/add layers, open up, pit zips | | ** ability to adjust, remove/add layers, open up, pit zips |
| - | * Food
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| - | ** high energy
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| - | ** plenty of water
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| - | ** avoid caffeine
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| - | ** avoid nicotine
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| - |
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| - | {{lesson slide||}}
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| - | '''Avoiding Sweat
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| - |
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| - | ''Pick a couple of students
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| - |
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| - | You've both been assigned as part of a team of 4.
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| - | It's cold at the Search Base while you're waiting to get going.
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| - | What would you be wearing?
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| - |
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| - | Your first assignment is a segment close to the Search Base.
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| - | But first you have to go up a steep hill to get to it.
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| - | The Team Leader and his friend lead the way, climbing rapidly.
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| - | You two are starting to sweat.
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| - | What's wrong with that?
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| - |
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| - | * wet clothes don't insulate well
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| - | * moisture cools as it evaporates
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| - | * loss of energy
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| - |
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| - |
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| - | What do you do?
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| - |
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| - | ''Good answers
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| - | * open up clothing
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| - | * take off touque, gloves, mitts
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| - | * call for a slower pace
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| - | * call a stop
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| - | * change layers
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| - | {{lesson slide||}}
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| - | '''Treating Mild Hypothermia
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| - |
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| - | ''Pick 4 students
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| - | You are a team of 4 that's been assigned to search an unofficial trail higher on the mountain.
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| - | You are shuttled up to the trail on snowmobile, but they can't go further because of the large
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| - | number of partially fallen trees.
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| - |
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| - | Your team follows the trail for about an hour and then stops for break and to call-in.
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| - | Unfortunately there's no radio coverage here, so the Team Leader (#1) and the radio person (#2)
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| - | climb to a higher point, still within sight of the rest of the team.
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| - |
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| - | When the two get back, the two that stayed are shivering hard.
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| - | One of them (#3) wants to get going to warm up.
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| - | The other (#4) insists there's nothing wrong and seems a little angry.
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| - |
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| - | ''Have two of the students mime this.
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| - | How serious is this? What should you do?
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| - |
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| - | ''Have group role play.
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| - | ''If they don't come up with the "best" answer, describe consequences, give them a little bit more information.
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| - |
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| - | ''They both have extra clothes they could put on.
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| - | If decide to travel:
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| - | * After about 5 minutes #4 starts stumbling, taking off his jacket. He falls, is confused and is no longer shivering.
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| - | * ''Stop at this point.
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| - | * Does anyone know why s/he got worse?
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| - | * ''Discuss rewarming shock
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| - | ** cold blood from extremeties enters core and lowers core temperature causing severe hypothermia
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| - | * ''Reset the scenario
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| - |
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| - | If they decide rewarm without checking level of shivering:
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| - | * ''Discuss how they rewarm (see below for best answer)
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| - | * ''Discuss delay and option warming up by moving (exercise)
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| - |
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| - | ''As necessary, introduce
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| - | test to check for risk of rewarming shock
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| - | * Can the person will themselves to momentarily stop shivering
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| - | Best answer:
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| - | * Because they are shivering they are in "mild hypothermia", not severe
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| - | * Should ask them to each try to momentarily stop shivering. If they can, they are not at risk of rewarming shock.
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| - | ** One can't stop shivering.
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| - | * Encourage that person to continue shivering.
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| - | * Avoid strenuous exercise for that person.
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| - | * Address sources of heat loss:
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| - | ** check for and consider removing soaked inner clothing (address conduction)
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| - | ** add toque, layers of clothing (address radiation)
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| - | ** get out of wind, breeze (address convection)
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| - | ** dry (address evaporation)
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| - | * Improve heat generation
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| - | ** high energy food
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| - | ** water
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| - | * Apply external heat
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| - | ** fire
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| - | ** body-to-body (clothed)
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| - | ** hot drink
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| - | * Once recovered, consider returning to base due to muscle exhaustion (shivering) and energy loss
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| - |
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| - | {{lesson slide||}}
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| - | '''Severe Hypothermia - CPR
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| - |
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| - | '''Pick another team of 4
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| - | Your team finds Sally Hughes lying at the side of a clearing.
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| - | She does not appear to be breathing.
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| - | Her body is cold.
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| - | You radio the Command Post and are told that a helicopter will be there in 15 minutes.
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| - | Another team radios you to start CPR. Should you?
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| - | ''Best answer:
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| - | * Check first for a pulse.
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| - | * If there is a pulse don't apply CPR. Rough handling can cause a heart attack.
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| - | * Check for up to 3 minutes for a pulse. Hypothermic casualties have much slower and harder to find pulses.
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| - | * Apply CPR if it can be sustained until help arrives.
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| - |
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| - |
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| - | Some hypothermic people have survived as long as hour without any effective circulation
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| - | and recovered without brain damage.
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| - | {{lesson slide||}}
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| - |
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| - | '''Severe Hypothermia - Treatment
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| - | Good news:
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| - | You find that Sally has a very weak pulse and is breathing very slowly.
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| - | Bad news:
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| - | The helicopter has engine problems and isn't coming.
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| - | What can you do with the equipment in your ready packs?
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| - |
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| - | ''Have 4 students play out with the mannequin.
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| - |
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| - | ''Best answer
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| - | * treat gently to avoid ventricular fibrilation
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| - | * reduce heat loss
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| - | * apply external heat, as many methods as practical
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| - | ** heated environment
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| - | ** hot water bottles, especially to neck, armpits, chest, abdomin, groin
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| - |
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| - | {{lesson slide||}}
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| - | '''Severe Hypothermia - Treatment 2
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| - | Good News:
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| - |
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| - | The snowmobile team has cut its way to your location.
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| - | You now have the group cold weather first aid equipment
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| - | and more helpers.
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| - |
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| - | '' All students to be involved. Assign an overall leader.
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| - |
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| - | What can be done with the new equipment?
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| - | '' Open one of the expired hypothermia kits and test for reheating function
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| - |
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| - | {{lesson slide||}}
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| - | '''Severe Hypothermia - Transport
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| - | Bad News:
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| - | Best advice says transporting a severe hypothermic patient by sleigh or litter party
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| - | will almost certainly cause ventricular fibrilation.
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| - | It's almost dark and a new helicopter won't be there until morning.
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| - | What are you going to do?
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| - |
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| - | ''Best answer:
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| - | * Continue to rewarm until out of severe hypothermia or helicopter available
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| - | {{lesson slide||}}
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| - | '''Frost Bite
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| - |
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| - | ''Pick another student
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| - |
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| - | You are on the team that finds Leonard Hughes.
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| - | He is stumbling slowly along an unofficial trail.
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| - | He seems clear headed and thankful to be found.
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| - | He's not shivering but complains of his feet being frozen,
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| - | as are the fingers of his left hand
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| - | and his ears.
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| - |
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| - | A snowmobile can be here to help carry him out in about 2 hours, after clearing some trail.
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| - | It will be about another hour back to the Search Base where an ambulance will be available.
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| - |
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| - | You have the most first aid training on the team.
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| - | How will you handle his injuries?
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| - |
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| - | ''Best answer
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| - | * Keep him warm
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| - | * Do not deliberately thaw frozen areas
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| - | * Loosen constrictions (boots) to frozen areas
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| - | * Do not remove boots
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| - | * Do not separate frozen fingers but place gauze between to prevent further maceration
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| - | * Prevent any thawed areas from refreezing
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| - |
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| - | If thawing, do so rapidly with water just above body temperature (38-42 C).
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| - |
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| | {{lesson slides end}} | | {{lesson slides end}} |
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