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== Subject ==
== Subject ==
{{prompt|What is this lesson plan about?}}
{{prompt|What is this lesson plan about?}}
-
This section is about making decisions around risky situations.
 
-
 
-
It builds on the understanding of hazards that the students have previously developed.
 
-
 
-
This section could potential by renamed "Handling Risk".
 
== Authors ==
== Authors ==
{{prompt|List who wrote this lesson plan.}}
{{prompt|List who wrote this lesson plan.}}
-
Brett Wuth
 
== Scope ==
== Scope ==
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:* Ch.9 "Environmental Hazards in SAR"
:* Ch.9 "Environmental Hazards in SAR"
:* Ch.10 "Animal, Insect, Snake Hazards"
:* Ch.10 "Animal, Insect, Snake Hazards"
-
 
-
The above material is assigned readings. This lesson plan builds on it.
 
== Prerequisites ==
== Prerequisites ==
{{prompt|What should students already know/have accomplished before the lesson is presented.}}
{{prompt|What should students already know/have accomplished before the lesson is presented.}}
-
 
-
The students should already have completed the assigned reading.
 
== Objectives ==
== Objectives ==
-
At the conclusion of this lesson the participants should be able to
+
At the conclusion of this lesson the participants:
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# describe how to assess a hazard
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# will be able to ...
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# describe general strategies for dealing with risk
+
-
# identify common local hazards and risks
+
-
# describe prefered strategies to deal with common risks
+
== Time Plan ==
== Time Plan ==
-
Total Time: 30 minutes
+
Total Time: ?? minutes
 +
 
 +
: usually assigned reading
 +
: otherwise 0.5 hr
 +
 
 +
* Recognizing hazardous environments requiring special training/teams
 +
** environments that put searchers at risks
 +
*** slopes: rope rescue
 +
*** swift water
 +
*** avalanche
 +
*** ice
 +
*** severe weather
 +
*** isolation
 +
*** animal
 +
** activities that aren't the best help for the subject
 +
*** higher medical training
 +
*** transport alternatives
 +
 
 +
 
{{lesson slides start}}
{{lesson slides start}}
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Present Objectives
Present Objectives
{{lesson slide|00:03|}}
{{lesson slide|00:03|}}
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'''Local Hazards'''
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instructional points in normal font
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''Lead a discussion of the hazards SAR workers might encounter in our area. Write on flip chart.'''
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''aids, exercises, activities in italic''
 +
{{lesson slides end}}
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Some examples:
+
== Aids ==
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* cliffs
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{{prompt|What materials are needed or useful in presenting this lesson.}}
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* swift water
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* {{subpage|Restricted|Non-publishable material}}
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* avalanche
+
-
* ice
+
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* extreme cold
+
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* bears
+
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* becoming isolated
+
-
{{lesson slide||}}
+
== Question bank ==
-
'''Recognition'''
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{{prompt|List of questions suitable for an review/exam of this section.}}
 +
See {{subpage|Question bank}}
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Which are hazards you'd have known about before leaving the CP?
+
== Frequently Asked Questions ==
 +
{{prompt|What are some of the questions that students typically ask. Include the answers.}}
 +
Q: How should you respond if you encounter a wolverine?
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Which are hazards you might only discover in the field?
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A: Wolverines are 9-25 kg, max 32.
 +
They have been known to prey on animals as large as moose,
 +
but more often are carrion eaters. Don't disturb its kill. Give it
 +
a wide berth. If it's attacking you, presume it's prey behaviour and
 +
fight back.
-
''Circle examples''
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* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverine
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{{lesson slide||}}
+
== Feedback ==
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'''Risk'''
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{{prompt|When has this lesson been presented. What was the feedback.}}
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''For one or more of the examples, discuss what the risk could be with the hazard. Might have to make the example more concrete with specific details.''
+
== License ==
 +
{{prompt|What can others do with this lesson?}}
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What are the worst case scenarios associated with the risk?
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Recommended license below. Fill in the year and the author's name(s):
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* Discomfort?
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Copyright © YEAR, Author.
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* Damage to equipment?
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This work is licensed under a
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* Injury?
+
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 2.5 Canada License.
-
* Death?
+
To view a copy of this license, visit
 +
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5/ca/
 +
or send a letter to Creative Commons, 559 Nathan Abbott Way, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
-
What is the likelihood of these consequences?
+
== Reference Material ==
 +
{{prompt|If you need to cite sources, do so here.}}
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Risk = Impact x Probability
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[1]
-
{{lesson slide||}}
+
== Notes ==
-
'''Benefit'''
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{{prompt|Any additional notes, etc.}}
 +
The lecture portion should be about:
 +
* recognizing when a hazard is beyond the SAR worker's training
 +
* recognizing when a hazard is beyond the SAR worker's scope
 +
* when is it okay to try more than your training
 +
* specialty teams
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What are the consequences of not facing the hazard?
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* Recognizing hazardous environments requiring special training/teams
 +
** environments that put searchers at risks
 +
*** slopes: rope rescue
 +
*** swift water
 +
*** avalanche
 +
*** ice
 +
*** severe weather
 +
*** isolation
 +
*** animal
 +
** activities that aren't the best help for the subject
 +
*** higher medical training
 +
*** transport alternatives
-
Not your emergency. We don't have to face personal risks, like we would if was.
 
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A dead subject is no longer an emergency.
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What are some of the hazards that we've identified?
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Risk vs. Benefit
 
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{{lesson slide||}}
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For each, when does it become too hazardous?
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'''Deciding'''
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We need you to do the opposite of what your body is telling you to do.
 
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Adrenaline poisoning
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[[Members:Search_and_Rescue_Fundamentals_manual/Chapter_8#Page_99]]
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* fight or flight
+
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We need you to use your brain
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Some of the specialized environment and associated problems that SAR team members may have to deal with include:
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* S - Stop
+
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* T - Think
+
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* O - Observe
+
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* P - Plan
+
 +
* Mountain
 +
* Vertical rock
 +
* Veritcal ice
 +
* Flat ice
 +
* Avalanche
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* Crevasse
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* Cave
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* Mines
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* Wells
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* Haz. mat. dumps
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* Urban/city
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* Air shafts
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* White water streams
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* Coastal white water surf
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* Flash floods
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* Slow rising floods
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* High winds
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* Sea & lake
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* Snow & blizzard
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* Booby-trapped stills
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* Confined spaces
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* Trenches
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Who decides?
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1. Technical personnel should be used for technical rescue.
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Both you and your supervisor can decide the risk is too high for the
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# The subject is protected
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benefit.
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Team in the field has the most detailed information
 
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about the hazard.
 
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Overhead team has big picture.
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[[Members:Search_and_Rescue_Fundamentals_manual/Chapter_8#Page_102]]
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Talk to your Team Leader. Talk to the Command Post.
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In fast moving situations, the single greatest problem associated with the environment is that responders underestimate the power and threat of moving water.
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{{lesson slide||}}
 
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'''Strategies'''
 
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''List the 4 categories''
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[[Members:Basic_Search_and_Rescue_Skills_textbook/Chapter_9#Page_54]]
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* Avoid
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** withdraw from the situation
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*** Don't send our team into an avalanche environment
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** remove the risk
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*** Have the rancher move his buffalo to another field
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* Reduce
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** mitigate the risk
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*** carry avalanche equipment
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*** have avalanche tech assess and plan route
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*** train in avalanche techniques
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* Share
+
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** ask someone else to do for us
+
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*** bring in a specialty team, technician
+
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*** Technical personnel should be used for technical rescue [Search and Rescue Fundamentals manual Page 99]
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** insurance
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*** WCB
+
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* Accept (Retention)
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** cross the river
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<small>
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the rigging components, such as anchors, ropes, and other system
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''[Dorfman, Mark S. (2007). Introduction to Risk Management and Insurance (9 ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-224227-3. Taken from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_management#Potential_risk_treatments]''
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equipment pose hazards. Accordingly, while it may indeed be possible
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</small>
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for general ground teams to support a technical team, the general
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ground team should observe all "no-walk" zones established by the
 +
technical team.
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''Have students give examples of each category that bring out the sub strategies''
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This is a good general point about
 +
technical teams creating hazards for non-technical members.
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{{lesson slide||}}
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[[Members:Basic_Search_and_Rescue_Skills_textbook/Chapter_9#Page_55]]
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'''Other types of risks'''
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beside the hazards of the environment.
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Be aware that each type of terrain posses its own hazards.
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'''Risks to the Subject'''
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[[Members:Basic_Search_and_Rescue_Skills_textbook/Chapter_9#Page_56]]
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* unsafe rescue techniques
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* A general ground team is prudent to err on the side of caution and advise base if they believe they have encountered a situation exceeds or approaches their training or authorization. Know your limitations and that of your team. A technical team should be used for technical rescue or recovery.
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* untrained medical interventions
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** medications
+
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{{lesson slide||}}
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Section is about specialized skills.
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'''Risks to others'''
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How to recognize they are needed.
 +
When to wait to bring them in.
 +
When to use unrecognized skills.
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When to try to improvise.
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Our rescue techniques create new risks.
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Not your emergency.
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Most technical rescues
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Liability
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transform but do not eliminate the risk.
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They move it to an area where there shouldn't be exposure.
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By having untrained people or bystanders around,
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Scope of practice
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they may be exposed to risk.
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Example:
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Best interest of subject. Risk.
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Rope rescue uses the ropes to reduce risk of falling,
+
-
but if there's an equipment failure people standing in
+
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an otherwise safe area may get swept over the cliff.
+
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Stay away unless specifically directed to help.
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Punting upstairs.
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{{lesson slide||}}
+
Risk to yourself.
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'''Risk of making the Search Harder'''
+
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* scent contamination
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Risk to your teammates.
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* untrained tracking
+
-
{{lesson slide||}}
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Have group generate some examples.
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'''Legal Risks'''
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* exceeding authority
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Risk of making things more difficult.
-
 
+
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* exceeding scope of practice
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+
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{{lesson slide||}}
+
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'''Specialty Teams'''
+
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+
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What are some of the specialty teams
+
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that could be brought in?
+
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+
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''Use list of hazards from before''
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+
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* higher medical training
+
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* transportation
+
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** helicopter
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** snowmobile
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* rope rescue
+
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* swift water rescue
+
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* ice rescue
+
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* fish & wildlife
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* police
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* animal control
+
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+
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Which teams could be part of a SAR group?
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Which are outside the mandate of a SAR group?
+
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+
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{{lesson slide||}}
+
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'''Doing it yourself'''
+
-
 
+
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Accepting the risk.
+
-
 
+
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Some SAR workers have unrecognized skills.
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We ask SAR workers to know how to improvise.
+
-
 
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"A little knowledge is a dangerous thing."
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-
 
+
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"What you don't know, will kill you."
+
-
 
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The single greatest problem is that responders underestimate the hazard.
+
-
[Search and Rescue Fundamentals manual, Page 102]
+
-
 
+
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Discuss with Team Leader and Command Post.
+
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Err on the side of caution.
+
-
 
+
-
{{lesson slide||}}
+
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'''Common triggers'''
+
-
 
+
-
At what point should you stop
+
-
and evaluate the risk?
+
-
 
+
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Request specialty team.
+
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Ask for overhead decision.
+
-
 
+
-
''Review hazards identified earlier. Give your thoughts on those risks. Expand to include the following guidelines.''
+
-
 
+
-
general guidelines:
+
-
 
+
-
* cliffs
+
-
** no closer than 2 meters of 2 meter fall
+
-
* other hazards with defined, unmoving boundary
+
-
** no closer than 2 meters
+
-
** swift water
+
-
 
+
-
* moving subject on slope
+
-
** 20 degrees
+
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** hand on hip, elbow angle technique
+
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** other situations where consequences of slip are severe
+
-
 
+
-
* avalanche
+
-
** don't enter area without equipment and risk assessment
+
-
 
+
-
* ice
+
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** avoid if possible
+
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** cross only good, clear, solid ice: 5 cm walking, 13 cm snowmobile
+
-
 
+
-
* extreme cold, wind chill
+
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** individual assessment of adequacy of clothing, starts at +10C
+
-
 
+
-
* bears
+
-
** recent sign
+
-
 
+
-
* isolation
+
-
** individual assessment of skills
+
-
** train to 24 hr
+
-
 
+
-
{{lesson slides end}}
+
-
 
+
-
== Aids ==
+
-
{{prompt|What materials are needed or useful in presenting this lesson.}}
+
-
* {{subpage|Restricted|Non-publishable material}}
+
-
* {{link|Image:Members:2013-02-27 19 42 02u-scan.pdf}}
+
-
* {{link|Image:BearCougar Presentation OSAR Apr13,2013.pdf}}
+
-
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WGZu5Lzgv1A YouTube video Canmore climber/avalanche concepts of Risk]
+
-
* RADeMS
+
-
** http://host.jibc.ca/gsar/
+
-
** http://www.bcsara.com/RADeMS/html/calculator.html
+
-
 
+
-
== Question bank ==
+
-
{{prompt|List of questions suitable for an review/exam of this section.}}
+
-
See {{subpage|Question bank}}
+
-
 
+
-
== Frequently Asked Questions ==
+
-
{{prompt|What are some of the questions that students typically ask. Include the answers.}}
+
-
Q: How should you respond if you encounter a wolverine?
+
-
 
+
-
A: Wolverines are 9-25 kg, max 32.
+
-
They have been known to prey on animals as large as moose,
+
-
but more often are carrion eaters. Don't disturb its kill. Give it
+
-
a wide berth. If it's attacking you, presume it's prey behaviour and
+
-
fight back.
+
-
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverine
+
-
 
+
-
== Feedback ==
+
-
{{prompt|When has this lesson been presented. What was the feedback.}}
+
-
 
+
-
== License ==
+
-
{{prompt|What can others do with this lesson?}}
+
-
 
+
-
Copyright © 2013, Brett Wuth.
+
-
 
+
-
This work is licensed under a
+
-
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 2.5 Canada License.
+
-
To view a copy of this license, visit
+
-
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5/ca/
+
-
or send a letter to Creative Commons, 559 Nathan Abbott Way, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
+
-
 
+
-
== Reference Material ==
+
-
{{prompt|If you need to cite sources, do so here.}}
+
-
 
+
-
[1]
+
-
 
+
-
== Notes ==
+
-
{{prompt|Any additional notes, etc.}}
+

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