Editing SAR Fundamentals/Navigation instruments theory
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# identify the significant configuration options of most GPS models | # identify the significant configuration options of most GPS models | ||
# identify when to use NAD27 vs. NAD83/WGS84 | # identify when to use NAD27 vs. NAD83/WGS84 | ||
- | # configure a particular model | + | # configure a particular model for local SAR usage |
- | # read a UTM off a particular model | + | # read a UTM off a particular model and translate that to and from the UTM notation used with topographic maps. |
# determine the UTM of the location where they are at and the accuracy of their reading | # determine the UTM of the location where they are at and the accuracy of their reading | ||
# given a destination UTM know what direction and distance to go to get to it | # given a destination UTM know what direction and distance to go to get to it | ||
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== Time Plan == | == Time Plan == | ||
- | Total Time: | + | Total Time: 90 minutes |
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{{lesson slides start}} | {{lesson slides start}} | ||
{{lesson slide|00:00|3 min}} | {{lesson slide|00:00|3 min}} | ||
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Introduce topic title | Introduce topic title | ||
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Present Objectives | Present Objectives | ||
- | + | {{lesson slide|00:03|}} | |
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- | {{lesson slide|00:03| | + | |
'''Instruments''' | '''Instruments''' | ||
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The four instruments we will discuss: | The four instruments we will discuss: | ||
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* compass | * compass | ||
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* GPS | * GPS | ||
+ | * altimeter | ||
+ | * pace counter | ||
No one instrument is perfect. Each is better in some circumstances. | No one instrument is perfect. Each is better in some circumstances. | ||
- | Each instrument has different | + | Each instrument has a different way of failing. |
- | {{lesson slide| | + | {{lesson slide||}} |
- | + | ||
- | + | '''Compass''' | |
- | + | So far having been using the compass on the map. | |
- | + | Can also be used in the field. | |
+ | Because of magnetic needle. | ||
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- | + | {{lesson slide||}} | |
+ | '''Magnetic North, Declination''' | ||
- | + | The needle of the compass points in the direction of Magnetic North. | |
- | + | This is not the same as True North. | |
- | + | The difference between True North and Magnetic North is called | |
- | + | Declination. | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | + | It's expressed in degrees and fractions of degrees (minutes). | |
- | + | ||
- | + | If Magnetic North is to the west of True North, the declination is | |
+ | degrees WEST. Opposite is degrees EAST. | ||
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+ | {{lesson slide||}} | ||
+ | '''What direction is Magnetic North?''' | ||
- | + | Magnetic North points in the direct of Earth's North Magnetic Pole. | |
- | + | ||
- | + | It's also somewhat altered by regional geomagnetic features. | |
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The North Magnetic Pole isn't the same location as the north pole. | The North Magnetic Pole isn't the same location as the north pole. | ||
- | North Magnetic Pole is currently ( | + | North Magnetic Pole is currently (2012) 85.9 deg N 147.0 deg W |
- | northwest of of the tip of Ellsmere Island | + | northwest of of the tip of Ellsmere Island. |
It moves. About 55 km closer to Russia each year. | It moves. About 55 km closer to Russia each year. | ||
- | {{lesson slide| | + | {{lesson slide||}} |
- | ''' | + | '''Finding declination''' |
- | + | Declination changes from year to year. | |
- | Declination. | + | |
- | It | + | It also changes from area to area. |
- | + | Because North Pole and the North Magnetic Pole appear further apart or | |
- | + | closer together depending on where you are located. | |
- | + | In our area, declination increases: | |
- | + | * the further west you go | |
- | + | * or the further north you go | |
* Pincher Creek has about half a degree more declination than Lethbridge. | * Pincher Creek has about half a degree more declination than Lethbridge. | ||
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{{quote-page|Navigation/Declinations}} | {{quote-page|Navigation/Declinations}} | ||
- | Look up online [[Navigation#Declination|Declination]]: http:// | + | Look up online [[Navigation#Declination|Declination]]: http://geomag.nrcan.gc.ca/apps/mdcal-eng.php |
Calculation on topo maps is old, not accurate. | Calculation on topo maps is old, not accurate. | ||
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Ask the person briefing you. | Ask the person briefing you. | ||
- | {{lesson slide| | + | {{lesson slide||}} |
'''Compass failures''' | '''Compass failures''' | ||
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** generators, electric motors | ** generators, electric motors | ||
- | attracted to certain metals | + | attracted to certain metals (iron, nickel, cobalt, alloys like steel) |
* don't hold close to building, vehicle, belt buckle | * don't hold close to building, vehicle, belt buckle | ||
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* unless compass has "Global" needle bearings | * unless compass has "Global" needle bearings | ||
- | {{lesson slide| | + | {{lesson slide||}} |
'''Choosing a compass''' | '''Choosing a compass''' | ||
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* straight edge | * straight edge | ||
* ruler (scale) | * ruler (scale) | ||
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* bezel (barrel) in 360 degrees (not 4 x 90 degrees, mils, or named directions) | * bezel (barrel) in 360 degrees (not 4 x 90 degrees, mils, or named directions) | ||
- | * | + | * roamer |
- | + | * nice: magnefying lens | |
- | * nice: | + | |
* sighting mirror | * sighting mirror | ||
** sighting line | ** sighting line | ||
** sighting notch | ** sighting notch | ||
*** nice: both top and bottom of mirror | *** nice: both top and bottom of mirror | ||
+ | * setable declination | ||
* needle zones (nice: Global) | * needle zones (nice: Global) | ||
* nice: luminous | * nice: luminous | ||
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* approx $70 | * approx $70 | ||
- | {{lesson slide| | + | {{lesson slide||2 min}} |
- | + | Determine experience level of students. | |
- | + | * Who uses GPS regularly? | |
- | + | * Who is comfortable reading UTM's off a map? | |
- | + | * Recruit more advanced students to assist in illustrating material. | |
- | + | {{lesson slide||3 min}} | |
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- | {{lesson slide| | + | |
'''How a GPS works''' | '''How a GPS works''' | ||
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** test GPS by turning it. Does the direction arrow change? | ** test GPS by turning it. Does the direction arrow change? | ||
- | {{lesson slide| | + | {{lesson slide||10 min}} |
'''How a GPS fails''' | '''How a GPS fails''' | ||
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* magnetic anomalies (far north) | * magnetic anomalies (far north) | ||
- | {{lesson slide| | + | {{lesson slide||4 min}} |
'''Alternatives/Aids to GPS''' | '''Alternatives/Aids to GPS''' | ||
* location: dead recogning / distance-bearing / triangulation | * location: dead recogning / distance-bearing / triangulation | ||
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* bearing: compass (better choice) | * bearing: compass (better choice) | ||
- | + | {{lesson slide|7 min 7,6,}} | |
- | {{lesson slide | + | '''When is a GPS sufficient/help/not helpful''' |
- | '''When | + | |
discuss examples, compare with other alternatives | discuss examples, compare with other alternatives | ||
determine location when at | determine location when at | ||
- | + | * hill top: + | |
- | + | * valley bottom: depends on tightness | |
- | + | * heavy trees: depends on type of trees, wetness | |
- | + | * canyon: - | |
- | + | * south side of a lone hill: + | |
- | + | * north side of a lone hill: poorer -- no WAAS | |
- | + | * downtown city: poor : multipath | |
- | + | * under power lines: + | |
- | + | * heavy fog: + | |
- | + | * blizzard: + | |
- | + | determine direction/distance to | |
- | + | * known UTM: sufficient | |
- | + | * some place you can see: not helpful or only poor with magnetic sensor | |
- | + | * some place you've been: sufficient if you took a waypoint | |
- | + | * a LatLong: sufficient | |
- | + | * a street address: for street GPS | |
- | + | route selection: poor unless street | |
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- | {{lesson slide| | + | remembering a UTM: sufficient |
+ | |||
+ | {{lesson slide||5 min 5,6}} | ||
'''Significant configuration settings''' | '''Significant configuration settings''' | ||
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** Pincher SAR maps generally NAD27 | ** Pincher SAR maps generally NAD27 | ||
- | {{lesson slide| | + | {{lesson slide||9 min}} |
'''configure a particular model for local SAR usage''' | '''configure a particular model for local SAR usage''' | ||
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'''Help students to configure if their particular model not same as PCSAR GPS'' | '''Help students to configure if their particular model not same as PCSAR GPS'' | ||
- | + | {{lesson slide||23 min}} | |
- | {{lesson slide| | + | '''Reading a UTM''' |
- | ''' | + | |
''Assume students have basic background in UTM'' | ''Assume students have basic background in UTM'' | ||
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** easting: number of meters east of imaginary zone line (500km center line) | ** easting: number of meters east of imaginary zone line (500km center line) | ||
** converting to short form | ** converting to short form | ||
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* Read the current/last known UTM | * Read the current/last known UTM | ||
** last location where GPS was turned on and could see satellites | ** last location where GPS was turned on and could see satellites | ||
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** determining accuracy | ** determining accuracy | ||
*** Garmin eTrex: on Satellite Page | *** Garmin eTrex: on Satellite Page | ||
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''Exercise:'' | ''Exercise:'' | ||
* Record last known UTM in long form | * Record last known UTM in long form | ||
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* Give last known UTM in short form | * Give last known UTM in short form | ||
+ | * Go outside, record current UTM in long and short form, note accuracy. | ||
* assist students that don't have Pincher SAR GPS | * assist students that don't have Pincher SAR GPS | ||
- | {{lesson slide| | + | {{lesson slide||10 min}} |
'''Manual determination of Distance and Direction''' | '''Manual determination of Distance and Direction''' | ||
* use map | * use map | ||
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* map/calculation: 129 degrees 661m | * map/calculation: 129 degrees 661m | ||
- | {{lesson slide| | + | {{lesson slide||10 min}} |
'''Choosing a GPS''' | '''Choosing a GPS''' | ||
Discuss GPS model selection/shopping | Discuss GPS model selection/shopping | ||
- | * Packaging: hand held, | + | * Packaging: hand held, phone, car |
* Features: sensitivity, WAAS, map, computer interface | * Features: sensitivity, WAAS, map, computer interface | ||
- | * Brands | + | * Brands |
- | * Prices | + | * Prices |
- | {{lesson slide| | + | {{lesson slide||}} |
- | ''' | + | '''Altimeter''' |
+ | |||
+ | Measures the weight of the air above you - air pressure. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The higher you go up, the less pressure - displays elevation is feet or meters. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Air pressure also affected by weather - high and low pressures | ||
+ | * needs to be recalibrated when the weather changes | ||
+ | |||
+ | Can be bought as separate device, or built into watches, radios, cell phones. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Does not require clear view of sky. Works when GPS's fail. | ||
+ | Works indoors, in caves. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Only useful when elevation helps is determining location. | ||
+ | * e.g. following a feature (ridge line) until hit certain elevation | ||
+ | * e.g. traversing along same elevation until hit certain feature (creek) | ||
+ | * terrain has a lot of elevation details : big hills, mountains : Kananaskis, Waterton, BC | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{lesson slide||}} | ||
+ | '''Pace Counter''' | ||
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+ | Measuring distance with your feet. | ||
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+ | Will be separate exercise. | ||
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+ | Pace is landing with the same foot. | ||
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+ | Need to count each pace. | ||
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+ | beads - slide bead on every 10 paces. Slide other for every 100 paces. | ||
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+ | pedometer - measures the jiggle from each pace. | ||
+ | |||
+ | alternative: count in your head, use note book. | ||
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{{lesson slides end}} | {{lesson slides end}} | ||
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* 1 Brett Wuth's Garmin eTrex GPS | * 1 Brett Wuth's Garmin eTrex GPS | ||
* 5 copies topo map of locale (82 H/5) | * 5 copies topo map of locale (82 H/5) | ||
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* copy for each student of local street map | * copy for each student of local street map | ||
* copy for each student of PCSAR Doc-69 [[PCSAR DOC-69 GPS Set Up and Maintenance|GPS - Set-Up and Maintenance]] | * copy for each student of PCSAR Doc-69 [[PCSAR DOC-69 GPS Set Up and Maintenance|GPS - Set-Up and Maintenance]] | ||
+ | * copy for each student of outside exercise sheet, adapted to locale | ||
+ | * Radios | ||
* [[Image:GPS-lesson-plan.odt|GPS lesson plan (odt)]] ([[:Image:GPS-lesson-plan.pdf|pdf]]) | * [[Image:GPS-lesson-plan.odt|GPS lesson plan (odt)]] ([[:Image:GPS-lesson-plan.pdf|pdf]]) | ||
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== Question bank == | == Question bank == | ||
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{{prompt|What are some of the questions that students typically ask. Include the answers.}} | {{prompt|What are some of the questions that students typically ask. Include the answers.}} | ||
- | + | * How does global compass work at any latitude? | |
From | From | ||
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In the global compass, this problem has been solved with a structural innovation. The needle and magnet are built as separate units functioning independently from each other, so that the inclination of the magnetic field cannot tilt the needle. The needle can no longer move vertically. It is the compass magnet, separated from the needle, which absorbs the vertical force of the magnetic field. The needle itself is fixed at the lid by means of a double jeweled bearing. The magnet rotates with its jewel bearing on a pin. Such a compass works reliably in all zones of the world. Due to the strong magnet, the needle settles very quickly and stops immediately at the right position, allowing for an extremely accurate reading. | In the global compass, this problem has been solved with a structural innovation. The needle and magnet are built as separate units functioning independently from each other, so that the inclination of the magnetic field cannot tilt the needle. The needle can no longer move vertically. It is the compass magnet, separated from the needle, which absorbs the vertical force of the magnetic field. The needle itself is fixed at the lid by means of a double jeweled bearing. The magnet rotates with its jewel bearing on a pin. Such a compass works reliably in all zones of the world. Due to the strong magnet, the needle settles very quickly and stops immediately at the right position, allowing for an extremely accurate reading. | ||
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== Feedback == | == Feedback == | ||
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{{prompt|What can others do with this lesson?}} | {{prompt|What can others do with this lesson?}} | ||
- | Copyright © | + | Copyright © 2012, Brett Wuth. |
This work is licensed under a | This work is licensed under a | ||
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 2.5 Canada License. | Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 2.5 Canada License. | ||
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{{prompt|If you need to cite sources, do so here.}} | {{prompt|If you need to cite sources, do so here.}} | ||
- | + | [1] | |
== Notes == | == Notes == | ||
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* http://www.csgnetwork.com/geosatposcalc.html | * http://www.csgnetwork.com/geosatposcalc.html | ||
* Altitude of 32 degrees around Pincher | * Altitude of 32 degrees around Pincher | ||
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