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== Time Plan ==
== Time Plan ==
Total Time: 1 hour 45 minutes
Total Time: 1 hour 45 minutes
-
* 2013-02: 1 hour 16 min
 
-
 
-
See:
 
-
* {{link|Image:Members:2016-10-26 21 44 40u-scan.pdf}}
 
-
* {{link|Image:Members:2016-10-26 21 49 28u-scan0014.pdf}}
 
{{lesson slides start}}
{{lesson slides start}}
{{lesson slide|00:00|3 min}}
{{lesson slide|00:00|3 min}}
-
'''Introduction'''
 
-
 
Introduce topic title
Introduce topic title
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The four instruments we will discuss:
The four instruments we will discuss:
-
* pace counter
 
* compass
* compass
-
* altimeter
 
* GPS
* GPS
 +
* altimeter
 +
* pace counter
No one instrument is perfect. Each is better in some circumstances.
No one instrument is perfect. Each is better in some circumstances.
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Each instrument has different ways of failing.
Each instrument has different ways of failing.
-
{{lesson slide|00:04|2 min}}
+
{{lesson slide|00:04|1 min}}
-
'''Pace Counter'''
+
-
 
+
-
Measuring distance with your feet.
+
-
 
+
-
When a GPS isn't working this is the best that can be done in the field.
+
-
 
+
-
Will be practiced in a separate exercise.
+
-
 
+
-
Pace is landing with the same foot.
+
-
 
+
-
Need to count each pace.
+
-
 
+
-
beads - slide bead on every 10 paces. Slide other for every 100 paces.
+
-
 
+
-
pedometer - measures the jiggle from each pace.
+
-
 
+
-
alternatives:
+
-
* count in your head
+
-
* use note book.
+
-
* less accurate: know your speed and measure your time.
+
-
 
+
-
{{lesson slide|00:06|1 min}}
+
'''Compass'''
'''Compass'''
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-
{{lesson slide|00:07|2 min}}
+
{{lesson slide|00:05|2 min}}
'''Magnetic North'''
'''Magnetic North'''
-
The needle of the compass points in the direction of Magnetic North
+
The needle of the compass points in the direction of Magnetic North.
-
towards the North Magnetic Pole.
+
This is not the same as True North.
This is not the same as True North.
 +
 +
Magnetic North points in the direct of Earth's North Magnetic Pole.
 +
 +
It's also somewhat altered by regional geomagnetic features.
 +
The North Magnetic Pole isn't the same location as the north pole.
The North Magnetic Pole isn't the same location as the north pole.
-
North Magnetic Pole is currently (2019) 8634 deg N 175.3 deg E
+
North Magnetic Pole is currently (2012) 85.9 deg N 147.0 deg W
-
northwest of of the tip of Ellsmere Island, now in Russia Arctic.
+
northwest of of the tip of Ellsmere Island.
It moves. About 55 km closer to Russia each year.
It moves. About 55 km closer to Russia each year.
-
{{lesson slide|00:09|4 min}}
+
{{lesson slide|00:07|5 min}}
'''Declination'''
'''Declination'''
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It's expressed in degrees and fractions of degrees (minutes).
It's expressed in degrees and fractions of degrees (minutes).
-
If Magnetic North is to the east of True North, the declination is
+
If Magnetic North is to the west of True North, the declination is
-
degrees EAST. Opposite is degrees WEST.
+
degrees WEST. Opposite is degrees EAST.
Declination changes from year to year.
Declination changes from year to year.
It also changes from area to area.
It also changes from area to area.
 +
 +
Because North Pole and the North Magnetic Pole appear further apart or
 +
closer together depending on where you are located.
 +
 +
In our area, declination increases:
 +
* the further west you go
 +
* or the further north you go
* Pincher Creek has about half a degree more declination than Lethbridge.
* Pincher Creek has about half a degree more declination than Lethbridge.
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** generators, electric motors
** generators, electric motors
-
attracted to certain metals
+
attracted to certain metals (iron, nickel, cobalt, alloys like steel)
* don't hold close to building, vehicle, belt buckle
* don't hold close to building, vehicle, belt buckle
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* interior north-south lines
* interior north-south lines
* adjustable declination
* adjustable declination
-
* nice: magnifying lens
+
* nice: magnefying lens
* sighting mirror
* sighting mirror
** sighting line
** sighting line
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* approx $70
* approx $70
-
{{lesson slide|00:24|4 min}}
+
{{lesson slide|00:24|1 min}}
-
'''Altimeter'''
+
''Satellite navigation systems''
-
 
+
-
Measures the weight of the air above you - air pressure.
+
-
 
+
-
The higher you go up, the less pressure - displays elevation is feet or meters.
+
-
 
+
-
Air pressure also affected by weather - high and low pressures
+
-
* needs to be recalibrated when the weather changes
+
-
 
+
-
Can be bought as separate device, or built into watches, radios, cell phones.
+
-
 
+
-
Does not require clear view of sky. Works when GPS's fail.
+
-
Works indoors, in caves.
+
-
 
+
-
Only useful when elevation helps is determining location.
+
-
* e.g. following a feature (ridge line) until hit certain elevation
+
-
* e.g. traversing along same elevation until hit certain feature (creek)
+
-
* terrain has a lot of elevation details : big hills, mountains : Kananaskis, Waterton, BC
+
-
 
+
-
{{lesson slide|00:28|1 min}}
+
-
'''Satellite navigation systems'''
+
There are two satellite navigation systems available
There are two satellite navigation systems available
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Other systems will soon arrive from the Chinese and the Europeans.
Other systems will soon arrive from the Chinese and the Europeans.
-
{{lesson slide|00:29|3 min}}
+
{{lesson slide|00:24|3 min}}
'''How a GPS works'''
'''How a GPS works'''
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** test GPS by turning it. Does the direction arrow change?
** test GPS by turning it. Does the direction arrow change?
-
{{lesson slide|00:32|10 min}}
+
{{lesson slide|00:27|10 min}}
'''How a GPS fails'''
'''How a GPS fails'''
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* magnetic anomalies (far north)
* magnetic anomalies (far north)
-
{{lesson slide|00:42|4 min}}
+
{{lesson slide|00:37|4 min}}
'''Alternatives/Aids to GPS'''
'''Alternatives/Aids to GPS'''
* location: dead recogning / distance-bearing / triangulation
* location: dead recogning / distance-bearing / triangulation
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-
{{lesson slide|00:46|7 min 7,6}}
+
{{lesson slide|00:41|7 min 7,6,}}
-
'''When to use a GPS or other tools'''
+
'''When is a GPS sufficient/help/not helpful'''
discuss examples, compare with other alternatives
discuss examples, compare with other alternatives
determine location when at
determine location when at
-
<table border="1">
+
* hill top: +
-
<tr><th>determine location when at ...</th><th>GPS</th><th>Compass</th><th>Altimeter</th></tr>
+
* valley bottom: depends on tightness
-
<tr><td>hill top</td><td>+ </td><td>triangulate</td><td>helps</td></tr>
+
* heavy trees: depends on type of trees, wetness
-
<tr><td>valley bottom</td><td>depends on tightness</td><td>triangulate</td><td>-</td></tr>
+
* canyon: -
-
<tr><td>heavy trees</td><td>depends on type of trees, wetness</td><td>-</td><td>helps</td></tr>
+
* south side of a lone hill: +
-
<tr><td>canyon</td><td>-</td><td>helps</td><td>helps</td></tr>
+
* north side of a lone hill: poorer -- no WAAS
-
<tr><td>south side of a lone hill</td><td>+</td><td>triangulate</td><td>helps</td></tr>
+
* downtown city: poor : multipath
-
<tr><td>north side of a lone hill</td><td>poorer -- no WAAS</td><td>triangulate</td><td>helps</td></tr>
+
* under power lines: +
-
<tr><td>downtown city</td><td>multipath</td><td>poor: metal</td><td>-</td></tr>
+
* heavy fog: +
-
<tr><td>under power lines</td><td>+</td><td>-</td><td>helps</td></tr>
+
* blizzard: +
-
<tr><td>heavy fog</td><td>+</td><td>-</td><td>helps</td></tr>
+
determine direction/distance to
-
<tr><td>blizzard</td><td>+</td><td>-</td><td>pressure change?</td></tr>
+
* known UTM: sufficient
-
<tr><th>determine direction/distance to ...</th><th>GPS</th><th>Compass</th><th>Altimeter</th></tr>
+
* some place you can see: not helpful or only poor with magnetic sensor
-
<tr><td>known UTM</td><td>+</td><td>direction only</td><td>elevation change</td></tr>
+
* some place you've been: sufficient if you took a waypoint
-
<tr><td>some place you can see</td><td>not helpful or only poor with magnetic sensor</td><td>direction only</td><td>-</td></tr>
+
* a LatLong: sufficient
-
<tr><td>some place you've been</td><td>sufficient if you recorded UTM</td><td>-</td><td>elevation change</td></tr>
+
* a street address: for street GPS
-
<tr><td>a Lat/Long</td><td>sufficient</td><td>-</td><td>elevation change</td></tr>
+
route selection: poor unless street
-
<tr><td>a street address</td><td>for street GPS</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr>
+
-
<tr><th>other purposes ...</th><th>GPS</th><th>Compass</th><th>Altimeter</th></tr>
+
-
<tr><td>route selection</td><td>poor unless street</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr>
+
-
<tr><td>remembering a UTM</td><td>+</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr>
+
-
<tr><td>convert between Lat/Log and UTM</td><td>+</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr>
+
-
</table>
+
-
{{lesson slide|00:53|5 min 5,6}}
+
remembering a UTM: sufficient
 +
 
 +
{{lesson slide|00:48|5 min 5,6}}
'''Significant configuration settings'''
'''Significant configuration settings'''
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** Pincher SAR maps generally NAD27
** Pincher SAR maps generally NAD27
-
{{lesson slide|00:58|9 min}}
+
{{lesson slide|00:53|9 min}}
'''configure a particular model for local SAR usage'''
'''configure a particular model for local SAR usage'''
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-
{{lesson slide|01:07|5 min}}
+
{{lesson slide|01:02|5 min}}
'''Long/Short UTM'''
'''Long/Short UTM'''
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** converting to short form
** converting to short form
-
{{lesson slide|01:12|5 min}}
+
{{lesson slide|01:07|5 min}}
'''Reading UTM on a GPS'''
'''Reading UTM on a GPS'''
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*** Garmin eTrex: on Satellite Page
*** Garmin eTrex: on Satellite Page
-
{{lesson slide|01:17|8 min}}
+
{{lesson slide|01:12|13 min}}
'''GPS UTM exercise'''
'''GPS UTM exercise'''
''Exercise:''
''Exercise:''
* Record last known UTM in long form
* Record last known UTM in long form
-
** ''some GPSes may be sensitive enough to get fix in the classroom''
 
* Give last known UTM in short form
* Give last known UTM in short form
 +
* Go outside, record current UTM in long and short form, note accuracy.
* assist students that don't have Pincher SAR GPS
* assist students that don't have Pincher SAR GPS
-
{{lesson slide|01:25|10 min}}
+
{{lesson slide|01:15|10 min}}
'''Manual determination of Distance and Direction'''
'''Manual determination of Distance and Direction'''
* use map
* use map
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* map/calculation: 129 degrees 661m
* map/calculation: 129 degrees 661m
-
{{lesson slide|01:35|10 min}}
+
{{lesson slide|01:25|10 min}}
'''Choosing a GPS'''
'''Choosing a GPS'''
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* Packaging: hand held, cell phone, car
* Packaging: hand held, cell phone, car
* Features: sensitivity, WAAS, map, computer interface
* Features: sensitivity, WAAS, map, computer interface
-
* Brands: Garmin, Magellan
+
* Brands: Garmin
* Prices: low $200
* Prices: low $200
-
{{lesson slide|01:45|1 min}}
+
{{lesson slide|01:35|4 min}}
 +
'''Altimeter'''
 +
 
 +
Measures the weight of the air above you - air pressure.
 +
 
 +
The higher you go up, the less pressure - displays elevation is feet or meters.
 +
 
 +
Air pressure also affected by weather - high and low pressures
 +
* needs to be recalibrated when the weather changes
 +
 
 +
Can be bought as separate device, or built into watches, radios, cell phones.
 +
 
 +
Does not require clear view of sky. Works when GPS's fail.
 +
Works indoors, in caves.
 +
 
 +
Only useful when elevation helps is determining location.
 +
* e.g. following a feature (ridge line) until hit certain elevation
 +
* e.g. traversing along same elevation until hit certain feature (creek)
 +
* terrain has a lot of elevation details : big hills, mountains : Kananaskis, Waterton, BC
 +
 
 +
{{lesson slide|01:39|2 min}}
 +
'''Pace Counter'''
 +
 
 +
Measuring distance with your feet.
 +
 
 +
Will be separate exercise.
 +
 
 +
Pace is landing with the same foot.
 +
 
 +
Need to count each pace.
 +
 
 +
beads - slide bead on every 10 paces. Slide other for every 100 paces.
 +
 
 +
pedometer - measures the jiggle from each pace.
 +
 
 +
alternative: count in your head, use note book.
 +
 
 +
{{lesson slide|01:41|1 min}}
'''Summary'''
'''Summary'''
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* 1 Brett Wuth's Garmin eTrex GPS
* 1 Brett Wuth's Garmin eTrex GPS
* 5 copies topo map of locale (82 H/5)
* 5 copies topo map of locale (82 H/5)
-
* [[PCSAR Doc-69 GPS Set Up and Maintenance]]
 
* copy for each student of local street map
* copy for each student of local street map
* copy for each student of PCSAR Doc-69 [[PCSAR DOC-69 GPS Set Up and Maintenance|GPS - Set-Up and Maintenance]]
* copy for each student of PCSAR Doc-69 [[PCSAR DOC-69 GPS Set Up and Maintenance|GPS - Set-Up and Maintenance]]
* [[Image:GPS-lesson-plan.odt|GPS lesson plan (odt)]] ([[:Image:GPS-lesson-plan.pdf|pdf]])
* [[Image:GPS-lesson-plan.odt|GPS lesson plan (odt)]] ([[:Image:GPS-lesson-plan.pdf|pdf]])
-
 
-
Alternate resources, deeper understanding:
 
-
* {{link|Image:Members:2013-02-20 00 52 44u-scan.pdf}}
 
-
* [[GPS/Skills]]
 
-
* Jamming: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-46178940 ({{link|Image:Members:2018-11-12 BBC Russia suspected of jamming GPS signal in Finland.pdf|cached}})
 
-
 
-
 
-
* [[Training/Ideas/Instruments theory]]
 
== Question bank ==
== Question bank ==
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{{prompt|What are some of the questions that students typically ask. Include the answers.}}
{{prompt|What are some of the questions that students typically ask. Include the answers.}}
-
'''How does global compass work at any latitude?'''
+
* How does global compass work at any latitude?
From
From
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In the global compass, this problem has been solved with a structural innovation. The needle and magnet are built as separate units functioning independently from each other, so that the inclination of the magnetic field cannot tilt the needle. The needle can no longer move vertically. It is the compass magnet, separated from the needle, which absorbs the vertical force of the magnetic field. The needle itself is fixed at the lid by means of a double jeweled bearing. The magnet rotates with its jewel bearing on a pin. Such a compass works reliably in all zones of the world. Due to the strong magnet, the needle settles very quickly and stops immediately at the right position, allowing for an extremely accurate reading.
In the global compass, this problem has been solved with a structural innovation. The needle and magnet are built as separate units functioning independently from each other, so that the inclination of the magnetic field cannot tilt the needle. The needle can no longer move vertically. It is the compass magnet, separated from the needle, which absorbs the vertical force of the magnetic field. The needle itself is fixed at the lid by means of a double jeweled bearing. The magnet rotates with its jewel bearing on a pin. Such a compass works reliably in all zones of the world. Due to the strong magnet, the needle settles very quickly and stops immediately at the right position, allowing for an extremely accurate reading.
-
 
-
 
-
'''My GPS has EGNOS. What is that?'''
 
-
 
-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service
 
-
 
-
EGNOS is similar to WAAS, but works best in Europe.
 
== Feedback ==
== Feedback ==
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{{prompt|If you need to cite sources, do so here.}}
{{prompt|If you need to cite sources, do so here.}}
-
http://www.rescuedynamics.ca/articles/MagDecFAQ.htm
+
[1]
== Notes ==
== Notes ==
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'''EGNOS'''
'''EGNOS'''
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service
-
* has only one ground reference station in North America, so less accurate than WAAS here
 
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'''COMPASS''' - Chinese
'''COMPASS''' - Chinese
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass_navigation_system
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass_navigation_system
-
== To Do ==
 
-
* Get example of altimeter
 
-
* Create a checklist sheet for shopping
 

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