SAR Fundamentals/Compass practical and pacing

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== Subject ==
== Subject ==
{{prompt|What is this lesson plan about?}}
{{prompt|What is this lesson plan about?}}
 +
 +
This is a short 1-hour practical training on taking and following bearing with a compass
 +
and pacing distance, to be done outside in an open area.
 +
 +
A small student to instructor ratio (max 5:1) is recommended.
 +
As such, this lesson is often one station of several
 +
with a larger class broken up into smaller teams of max 5 students
 +
and this session is taught repeatedly by the same instructor as the teams
 +
move between stations.
 +
See "[[SAR Fundamentals/Search skills and compass practical|Search skills and compass practical]]"
 +
as a commonly used example of this lesson as one of several stations.
== Authors ==
== Authors ==
Line 18: Line 29:
== Prerequisites ==
== Prerequisites ==
{{prompt|What should students already know/have accomplished before the lesson is presented.}}
{{prompt|What should students already know/have accomplished before the lesson is presented.}}
 +
Prior to this lesson, students should have already been introduced to the following concepts:
-
== Objectives ==
+
# identify cardinal directions
-
At the conclusion of this lesson the participants:
+
# identify directions in degrees
-
# will be able to ...
+
# set direction of travel on a compass bezel
 +
See "[[SAR Fundamentals/Navigation/Map/Direction|Navigation - map - direction]]"
 +
for the lesson plan that provides these prerequisites.
-
* know cardinal directions
+
# the parts of a compass
-
* know compass degrees
+
# how a compass works
-
* know what affects a compass
+
# how a compass fails
-
* magnetic declination
+
# declination
-
* shooting a bearing with a compass
+
See "[[SAR Fundamentals/Navigation instruments theory|Navigation instruments theory]]"
-
* pacing
+
for the lesson plan that provides these prerequisites.
-
* exercises:
+
 
-
** bearings
+
== Objectives ==
-
** pacing / bearing
+
At the conclusion of this lesson the participants will be able to
-
* backbearing
+
# set compass declination
-
* offsets
+
# take a bearing off an object
 +
# shoot a bearing
 +
# state the number of paces they take to walk 10m
 +
# traverse a route described in bearings and paces (or meters)
== Time Plan ==
== Time Plan ==
Line 40: Line 57:
{{lesson slides start}}
{{lesson slides start}}
{{lesson slide|00:00|3 min}}
{{lesson slide|00:00|3 min}}
 +
'''Introduction'''
 +
Introduce topic title
Introduce topic title
Line 45: Line 64:
Present Objectives
Present Objectives
-
{{lesson slide|00:03|}}
+
{{lesson slide|00:03|2 min}}
-
instructional points in normal font
+
'''Review - declination'''
-
''aids, exercises, activities in italic''
+
* Magnetic north is not the same as true north
 +
* ''point out the approximate direction of true north and magnetic north''
 +
* The difference between the two is called declination
 +
* In our part of the world magnetic north is to the east of north, so we have EAST declination
 +
* Declination changes each year as the north magnetic pole moves
 +
* ''Give declination for lesson location to the nearest degree (ignore minutes)''
 +
{{quote-page|Navigation/Declinations}}
 +
* We should always ask what the declination is for our search area
-
1/ discuss Magnetic Declination
+
{{lesson slide|00:05|5 min}}
 +
'''Setting declination'''
-
* Where needle points
+
* The needle points to magnetic north
 +
* But we want the directions on the compass bezel to show directions relative to true north
 +
* We do that by setting declination on the compass
 +
* We use the key on the lanyard to move the bed
 +
* ''point out how to read the declination a compass is set at''
 +
* On most compasses, each tick represents 2 degrees, so odd numbers are half way between ticks
 +
* ''point out which side is EAST declination and which is WEST''
 +
* ''Have each student set their declination to zero and then back to the correct declination for this location''
 +
* '' Check that each student has correctly set declination''
-
* Reading declination from map (add grid N)
+
{{lesson slide|00:10|1 min}}
 +
'''Review - compass failures'''
-
* North pole moves
+
* avoid metal
-
** currently moving north about 40 km / year
+
** don't hold compass close to your belt buckle
-
** Magnetic declination for Pincher Creek, 2012: 14deg 38' E.
+
** don't stand near vehicle, metal building
-
*** according to http://geomag.nrcan.gc.ca/apps/mdcal-eng.php
+
* avoid magnetic fields
-
*** We track on our wiki: [[Navigation#Declination]]
+
** don't stand underneath high power lines
-
* Adjusting declination on compass
+
{{lesson slide|00:11|1 min}}
 +
'''Holding compass'''
-
2/ shooting a bearing with a compass
+
* about a bent arm's length away from you
 +
** don't have lanyard around your neck
 +
* hold the compass about at head level
 +
* hold the compass level
 +
* ''demonstrate''
-
* using compass
 
-
** avoid metal
 
-
*** belt buckle
 
-
** avoid magnetic fields
 
-
* holding compass
+
{{lesson slide|00:12|5 min}}
-
** hold flat
+
'''Aligning needle'''
-
+
-
* sighting
+
-
** using mirror
+
-
** using sighting notches
+
-
* reading bearing
+
* the north pointing end of the needle is painted red
-
** rotating barrel
+
* the "bed" of the needle is on the plastic underneath and points slightly to the east of North on the bezel
-
** "red to the bed"
+
** because we set EAST declination
-
** parallax problem
+
* we want to put the "red to the bed"
-
*** parallel needle edge, not needle in the middle
+
* two ways
-
** practice reading bearings to several objects
+
** rotate our body with the compass pointing away until they line up
-
** vary distance and note differences in error
+
** rotate the bezel until they line up
 +
* ''demonstrate both methods''
 +
** ''looking down on compass, not using mirror''
 +
* ''have each student align their needles using both methods''
 +
* when the the needle is aligned, the directions on the bezel are the directions relative to True North
-
* walking a bearing
 
-
** setting bearing
 
-
** how far to look
 
-
** practice finding destinations at several bearings
 
-
3/ Pacing
+
{{lesson slide|00:17|5 min}}
 +
'''needle parallax'''
-
* Step is one foot to the opposite
+
* it's easy to align the needle when looking straight down
-
* Pace is one foot to the same foot (two steps)
+
* if you look sideways it's harder
 +
** called parallax
 +
* we need to be able to do this so that we can "sight" at the same time as aligning the needle
 +
* ''demonstrate''
 +
** ''set direction of travel on bezel to East (90 degrees)''
 +
** ''fold mirror flat (so it can be ignored)''
 +
** ''hold the mirror at eye level so you are looking obliquely at the compass surface''
 +
** ''demonstrate rotating your body until the needles align''
 +
* ''have students do the same''
 +
* ''have student check their alignment by then looking straight down on needle''
 +
* trick is NOT to try to get the tip of the needle in the middle of the bed
 +
* trick is to try to get the edge of the needle parallel with the edge of the bed
 +
* ''have students retry until they can get proper alignment looking''
-
* counting your pace
+
* ''have students try again with direction of travel set to North (0 degrees)''
 +
* This is much easier because we're looking along the needle length
 +
* direction near north and south are easy to align, near east or west are harder
-
* measure your pace in 10m
+
{{lesson slide|00:22|5 min}}
 +
'''Sighting'''
-
* calculating distance from paces
+
* sighting requires that you have several things working at once.
 +
* close one eye
 +
* fold the mirror so you can see all of the bezel in it
 +
** when you hold the mirror away from you, you're looking in the mirror; you're not looking down at the bezel directly
 +
* make sure you're holding the compass level
 +
* make sure you see the center line in the mirror slices through the middle of the needle
 +
* use the sighting notch at the top of the mirror center line to spot your target
 +
** you may have to raise or lower the compass slightly to bring the target into view
 +
** some compasses also have a sighting notch at the bottom of the mirror center line
 +
* RECHECK you have all things correct at the same time:
 +
*# one eye closed
 +
*# compass level
 +
*# can see all of bezel in mirror
 +
*# mirror center line through needle center
 +
*# can see target in notch
 +
* ''demonstrate''
 +
* ''have each student sight on an object on the far distance; have them verbally confirm each of the sighting requirements''
 +
** ''Because you can't put your head where the student's head is, you won't be able to check all of their sighting requirements, but can check whether they are holding compass level, have one eye closed. You can approximate the others by looking over their shoulder.''
-
* calculating paces from distance
 
-
4/ Exercises: bearings
+
{{lesson slide|00:27|10 min}}
 +
'''Reading a bearing'''
-
* hand-out: Pacing and Traverse
+
* imagine we want to call in the bearing to some object (maybe we've seen a clue)
-
5/ Advance
+
* sight on the object
 +
* align the needle by rotating the bezel while looking at needle in mirror
 +
* read the bearing from the direction of travel on the bezel
-
As they come up in discussion, describe:
+
* we have to both sight on the object and align the needle at the same time
 +
* adds one more thing to check we are doing all at once
-
* back bearings
+
* ''pick an object in an approximately north or south direction''
 +
** ''should be at least 1 km away''
 +
** ''should be narrow and clearly distinguishable: the peak of a roof, side of a building, power pole, etc.''
 +
** ''keep the students close together; even better if they can line up facing object one above the other along the side of a hill''
 +
** ''take a bearing but don't tell the students what you get''
 +
** ''have the student read the bearing of the same object''
 +
** compasses are only accurate to 1 degree; one compass might be out one degree one way while another is out one degree the other way
 +
** ''ideally student values should all be within 2 degrees of each other; if not work with outliers to get more accurate while other students take bearing of other objects''
 +
* ''move on to harder objects in approximate east or west direction''
 +
* ''choose a closer object''
 +
* objects that are closer are harder to accurately read bearing because it depends on where you're standing (left or right)
 +
* sight on object you're talking about, not one that is between you and it
-
* offsets
+
{{lesson slide|00:37|5 min}}
 +
'''Shooting a bearing'''
 +
* imagine we've been told to head off in some direction
 +
 +
* set the direction of travel on the compass
 +
* align the needle while looking in the mirror, by rotating our body
 +
* determine what object you're sighting on
 +
* we have to both sight on the object and align the needle at the same time
 +
 +
* ''keep the students close together''
 +
* ''give a sample bearing near south (say 160 to 200 degrees) or near north (340 to 360 or 0 to 20 degrees)''
 +
* ''have students shoot bearing and identify object they can see''
 +
** ''students are likely to identify objects at varying distances''
 +
 +
* best to choose object at distance you want to travel
 +
** if you choose object much further (e.g. mountain peak) walking left or right will not change the direction to your sighted object because it's so far away
 +
* if you can see all the way to you destination, choose the furthest object you can see
 +
 +
* ''have students repeat with sample bearing near east (70 to 110 degrees) or west (250 to 290 degrees''
 +
 +
{{lesson slide|00:42|5 min}}
 +
'''Pacing'''
 +
 +
* We measure distance by counting our paces
 +
* One pace is the same foot landing again - i.e. two steps
 +
* Every search worker should know how many of their personal paces there are in 10 meters
 +
* ''measure out 10m on level open ground''
 +
* ''demonstrate measuring your pace''
 +
** ''if start with LEFT foot, count every time your RIGHT foot lands. Or vice versa''
 +
* ''have each student measure their pace. So many paces to 10m. E.g. 5.5 paces for 10m''
 +
 +
* ''distribute Pacing and Traverse - If You Dare worksheet''
 +
* ''have each student work out their paces in 50m and 100m; the distance they travel in 30 paces, 50 paces.''
 +
 +
* If not clear ground, you may have to step around things like logs or trees.
 +
** count only your paces when you think they make up a full pace
 +
 +
* Similarly going up or down a slope, our paces are slightly shorter or longer
 +
 +
{{lesson slide|00:47|13 min}}
 +
'''Exercise'''
 +
 +
* Exercise sheet lists 3 traverses
 +
* Everyone should start from a different point in the open field
 +
* Not to close to fences on slope
 +
* Mark your starting point on the ground
 +
* You should end up where you started
 +
* ''Have each student work through (alone) Traverse #1 from the exercise sheet'''
 +
* ''As time permits have them carry on to Traverse #2 or #3''
 +
* ''Ideally, students should end up within a pace of their starting point''
 +
* This exercise can help you get more accurate with your pacing and bearings
 +
* You can take the worksheet and practice it at home to further improve
 +
 +
{{lesson slide|01:00|}}
 +
'''Advanced extras'''
 +
 +
''If time permits, or as arises with student questions''
 +
 +
'''Back bearings'''
 +
* You can shoot back from your destination to your starting point
 +
* The difference between a bearing and a back bearing should be exactly 180 degrees
 +
* Use a back bearing to check your measurements
 +
* Or use it if there is no object to sight on (e.g. field of snow) and you can leave a marker (e.g. flagging tape) where you started from
 +
 +
''Offset''
 +
* Sometimes you can't walk the bearing you want. E.g. across a slew
 +
* Take a side bearing 90 degrees different from your original bearing (left or right)
 +
* Count your pace until you're away from the obstacle
 +
* Take your original bearing past the obstacle
 +
* Reverse your side bearing (180 different) the same number of paces
 +
* Your back to your original line and can continue on your original bearing
{{lesson slides end}}
{{lesson slides end}}
Line 122: Line 272:
{{prompt|What materials are needed or useful in presenting this lesson.}}
{{prompt|What materials are needed or useful in presenting this lesson.}}
* [[:Image:2010-03-18 22 25 36u-scan.pdf|Pacing and bearing exercise]]
* [[:Image:2010-03-18 22 25 36u-scan.pdf|Pacing and bearing exercise]]
 +
** {{link|Image:Members:2013-02-08_17_24_27u-scan.pdf}}
* Tape measure
* Tape measure
* Compasses
* Compasses
Line 127: Line 278:
** http://forum.oldweather.org/index.php?topic=1056.0
** http://forum.oldweather.org/index.php?topic=1056.0
* SAR Fundamentals - Chapter 13 - Navigation
* SAR Fundamentals - Chapter 13 - Navigation
 +
 +
Alternate material, deeper understanding:
 +
* {{link|Image:Members:2013-02-20 00 59 06u-scan.pdf}}
 +
** {{link|Image:Members:2013-02-20 01 00 16u-scan.pdf}}
 +
 +
 +
* [[Training/Ideas/Compass]]
 +
* [[Training/Ideas/Pacing]]
== Question bank ==
== Question bank ==
{{prompt|List of questions suitable for an review/exam of this section.}}
{{prompt|List of questions suitable for an review/exam of this section.}}
 +
* {{subpage|Question bank}}
 +
== Frequently Asked Questions ==
== Frequently Asked Questions ==
{{prompt|What are some of the questions that students typically ask. Include the answers.}}
{{prompt|What are some of the questions that students typically ask. Include the answers.}}
Line 139: Line 300:
{{prompt|What can others do with this lesson?}}
{{prompt|What can others do with this lesson?}}
-
Copyright © 2010, Chris Jorgensen.
 
Copyright © 2010-2013, Brett Wuth.
Copyright © 2010-2013, Brett Wuth.
 +
Portions copyright © 2010, Chris Jorgensen.
 +
This work is licensed under a
This work is licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 2.5 Canada License.
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 2.5 Canada License.

Current revision

Lesson plan:

This page is based on the Lesson plan template.

Use that template to make similar pages.

Contents

[edit] Subject

What is this lesson plan about?


This is a short 1-hour practical training on taking and following bearing with a compass and pacing distance, to be done outside in an open area.

A small student to instructor ratio (max 5:1) is recommended. As such, this lesson is often one station of several with a larger class broken up into smaller teams of max 5 students and this session is taught repeatedly by the same instructor as the teams move between stations. See "Search skills and compass practical" as a commonly used example of this lesson as one of several stations.

[edit] Authors

List who wrote this lesson plan.

Brett Wuth, Chris Jorgensen

[edit] Scope

What is included in this lesson, what's not and why.

SAR Fundamentals Manual: Ch.13 "Navigation"
Basic SAR Skills Manual: Ch.7 "Navigation"
  • Navigation - section 3 - compass use and exercise

[edit] Prerequisites

What should students already know/have accomplished before the lesson is presented.

Prior to this lesson, students should have already been introduced to the following concepts:

  1. identify cardinal directions
  2. identify directions in degrees
  3. set direction of travel on a compass bezel

See "Navigation - map - direction" for the lesson plan that provides these prerequisites.

  1. the parts of a compass
  2. how a compass works
  3. how a compass fails
  4. declination

See "Navigation instruments theory" for the lesson plan that provides these prerequisites.

[edit] Objectives

At the conclusion of this lesson the participants will be able to

  1. set compass declination
  2. take a bearing off an object
  3. shoot a bearing
  4. state the number of paces they take to walk 10m
  5. traverse a route described in bearings and paces (or meters)

[edit] Time Plan

Total Time: 60 minutes


Time Material


00:00

3 min

Introduction

Introduce topic title

Introduce Instructor

Present Objectives

00:03

2 min

Review - declination

  • Magnetic north is not the same as true north
  • point out the approximate direction of true north and magnetic north
  • The difference between the two is called declination
  • In our part of the world magnetic north is to the east of north, so we have EAST declination
  • Declination changes each year as the north magnetic pole moves
  • Give declination for lesson location to the nearest degree (ignore minutes)
Navigation/Declinations:
  • Pincher Creek, February 2020: 13 deg 38' E
  • Lethbridge, February 2020: 13 deg 12' E
  • Banff, February 2020: 14 deg 36' E
  • We should always ask what the declination is for our search area


00:05

5 min

Setting declination

  • The needle points to magnetic north
  • But we want the directions on the compass bezel to show directions relative to true north
  • We do that by setting declination on the compass
  • We use the key on the lanyard to move the bed
  • point out how to read the declination a compass is set at
  • On most compasses, each tick represents 2 degrees, so odd numbers are half way between ticks
  • point out which side is EAST declination and which is WEST
  • Have each student set their declination to zero and then back to the correct declination for this location
  • Check that each student has correctly set declination


00:10

1 min

Review - compass failures

  • avoid metal
    • don't hold compass close to your belt buckle
    • don't stand near vehicle, metal building
  • avoid magnetic fields
    • don't stand underneath high power lines


00:11

1 min

Holding compass

  • about a bent arm's length away from you
    • don't have lanyard around your neck
  • hold the compass about at head level
  • hold the compass level
  • demonstrate


00:12

5 min

Aligning needle

  • the north pointing end of the needle is painted red
  • the "bed" of the needle is on the plastic underneath and points slightly to the east of North on the bezel
    • because we set EAST declination
  • we want to put the "red to the bed"
  • two ways
    • rotate our body with the compass pointing away until they line up
    • rotate the bezel until they line up
  • demonstrate both methods
    • looking down on compass, not using mirror
  • have each student align their needles using both methods
  • when the the needle is aligned, the directions on the bezel are the directions relative to True North


00:17

5 min

needle parallax

  • it's easy to align the needle when looking straight down
  • if you look sideways it's harder
    • called parallax
  • we need to be able to do this so that we can "sight" at the same time as aligning the needle
  • demonstrate
    • set direction of travel on bezel to East (90 degrees)
    • fold mirror flat (so it can be ignored)
    • hold the mirror at eye level so you are looking obliquely at the compass surface
    • demonstrate rotating your body until the needles align
  • have students do the same
  • have student check their alignment by then looking straight down on needle
  • trick is NOT to try to get the tip of the needle in the middle of the bed
  • trick is to try to get the edge of the needle parallel with the edge of the bed
  • have students retry until they can get proper alignment looking
  • have students try again with direction of travel set to North (0 degrees)
  • This is much easier because we're looking along the needle length
  • direction near north and south are easy to align, near east or west are harder


00:22

5 min

Sighting

  • sighting requires that you have several things working at once.
  • close one eye
  • fold the mirror so you can see all of the bezel in it
    • when you hold the mirror away from you, you're looking in the mirror; you're not looking down at the bezel directly
  • make sure you're holding the compass level
  • make sure you see the center line in the mirror slices through the middle of the needle
  • use the sighting notch at the top of the mirror center line to spot your target
    • you may have to raise or lower the compass slightly to bring the target into view
    • some compasses also have a sighting notch at the bottom of the mirror center line
  • RECHECK you have all things correct at the same time:
    1. one eye closed
    2. compass level
    3. can see all of bezel in mirror
    4. mirror center line through needle center
    5. can see target in notch
  • demonstrate
  • have each student sight on an object on the far distance; have them verbally confirm each of the sighting requirements
    • Because you can't put your head where the student's head is, you won't be able to check all of their sighting requirements, but can check whether they are holding compass level, have one eye closed. You can approximate the others by looking over their shoulder.


00:27

10 min

Reading a bearing

  • imagine we want to call in the bearing to some object (maybe we've seen a clue)
  • sight on the object
  • align the needle by rotating the bezel while looking at needle in mirror
  • read the bearing from the direction of travel on the bezel
  • we have to both sight on the object and align the needle at the same time
  • adds one more thing to check we are doing all at once
  • pick an object in an approximately north or south direction
    • should be at least 1 km away
    • should be narrow and clearly distinguishable: the peak of a roof, side of a building, power pole, etc.
    • keep the students close together; even better if they can line up facing object one above the other along the side of a hill
    • take a bearing but don't tell the students what you get
    • have the student read the bearing of the same object
    • compasses are only accurate to 1 degree; one compass might be out one degree one way while another is out one degree the other way
    • ideally student values should all be within 2 degrees of each other; if not work with outliers to get more accurate while other students take bearing of other objects
  • move on to harder objects in approximate east or west direction
  • choose a closer object
  • objects that are closer are harder to accurately read bearing because it depends on where you're standing (left or right)
  • sight on object you're talking about, not one that is between you and it


00:37

5 min

Shooting a bearing

  • imagine we've been told to head off in some direction
  • set the direction of travel on the compass
  • align the needle while looking in the mirror, by rotating our body
  • determine what object you're sighting on
  • we have to both sight on the object and align the needle at the same time
  • keep the students close together
  • give a sample bearing near south (say 160 to 200 degrees) or near north (340 to 360 or 0 to 20 degrees)
  • have students shoot bearing and identify object they can see
    • students are likely to identify objects at varying distances
  • best to choose object at distance you want to travel
    • if you choose object much further (e.g. mountain peak) walking left or right will not change the direction to your sighted object because it's so far away
  • if you can see all the way to you destination, choose the furthest object you can see
  • have students repeat with sample bearing near east (70 to 110 degrees) or west (250 to 290 degrees


00:42

5 min

Pacing

  • We measure distance by counting our paces
  • One pace is the same foot landing again - i.e. two steps
  • Every search worker should know how many of their personal paces there are in 10 meters
  • measure out 10m on level open ground
  • demonstrate measuring your pace
    • if start with LEFT foot, count every time your RIGHT foot lands. Or vice versa
  • have each student measure their pace. So many paces to 10m. E.g. 5.5 paces for 10m
  • distribute Pacing and Traverse - If You Dare worksheet
  • have each student work out their paces in 50m and 100m; the distance they travel in 30 paces, 50 paces.
  • If not clear ground, you may have to step around things like logs or trees.
    • count only your paces when you think they make up a full pace
  • Similarly going up or down a slope, our paces are slightly shorter or longer


00:47

13 min

Exercise

  • Exercise sheet lists 3 traverses
  • Everyone should start from a different point in the open field
  • Not to close to fences on slope
  • Mark your starting point on the ground
  • You should end up where you started
  • Have each student work through (alone) Traverse #1 from the exercise sheet'
  • As time permits have them carry on to Traverse #2 or #3
  • Ideally, students should end up within a pace of their starting point
  • This exercise can help you get more accurate with your pacing and bearings
  • You can take the worksheet and practice it at home to further improve


01:00


Advanced extras

If time permits, or as arises with student questions

Back bearings

  • You can shoot back from your destination to your starting point
  • The difference between a bearing and a back bearing should be exactly 180 degrees
  • Use a back bearing to check your measurements
  • Or use it if there is no object to sight on (e.g. field of snow) and you can leave a marker (e.g. flagging tape) where you started from

Offset

  • Sometimes you can't walk the bearing you want. E.g. across a slew
  • Take a side bearing 90 degrees different from your original bearing (left or right)
  • Count your pace until you're away from the obstacle
  • Take your original bearing past the obstacle
  • Reverse your side bearing (180 different) the same number of paces
  • Your back to your original line and can continue on your original bearing



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Copyright © 2010-2013, Brett Wuth. Portions copyright © 2010, Chris Jorgensen.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 2.5 Canada License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5/ca/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 559 Nathan Abbott Way, Stanford, California 94305, USA.

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